23 Jalan Tenaga
Singapore 520124
Group
1 July 2008
Feedback on Playgrounds in Tampines
Minister Mah Bow Tan
Minister of Tampines GRC
Dear Mr Mah Bow Tan,
Feedback on Playgrounds in Tampines
We are Pasir Ris Secondary school. We are writing to feedback about Playgrounds in Tampines and to suggest on how it can be improved. Our school has been doing a project about Playgrounds and how it can be improved. After some time, we found creative and interesting ways of how to improve the playgrounds in Tampines.
Currently, the playgrounds in Tampines don’t really have what a child would really want in a playground.
And most of the playgrounds have spider webs on the monkey bars, children
that notice this, would not want to climb the monkey bar therefore, the playground would not be able to be used to its fullest.The playgrounds are often situated at dark, secluded places where very few people pass. They are also dangerous as some of the edges of the playground are sharp and can cause cuts. Also, they are often disfigured with vandalism.The playgrounds are a little dirty too because of litter and because of the rain. The rain also causes the playground to be wet and children would not be able to play in the playground for quite awhile, waiting for it to dry. The color of the playgrounds are a little boring too, the slides and swings are all the same color. The children would find the playground boring after awhile.
Our group had came up with a proposal to improve the playgrounds in Tampines. We suggest to use bright colours so the children will be excited when they see them and would definitely want to play it.The playground could be improved in ways such as, the monkey bars and the other parts of the playground could be cleaned regularly to remove any dirt or spider webs. The rain is quite a disturbance to the children and this can be stopped by either building the playground under the block or making the playground sheltered and also build a sheltered walkway from the block to the playground.
These are my feedback and suggestion, thank you for taking time to read this letter.
Yours sincerely,
Ryan, Fathullah, Elroy, Yu Wei and Chin Yong
Thursday, July 3, 2008
Elroys letter :D
Feedback on playgrounds in Tampines
Dear minister
We have many playgrounds in Tampines. Almost near every block there is a playground for children to play. Most were made up of metals and will be very dangerous if a child trips hits his/her head against the metal. The design is quite nice and many new component such as spider web and many more.
However, there were not enough for those with special needs. My group and I have design a special playground for children with terminal but non contagious disease. It is very unique but used up a lot of space. This playground is specially made for children with terminal but non contagious disease and not opens to all.
Most playgrounds were vandalized by children who were normal, and so other children could not play with them. Some color was a bit dull and faded by the rain. We hope you would look into this matter to help the children have a better and cleaner playground to play in.
I hope that you will agree with it and thank you for your patient.
Elroy
Letter by Goh Chin Yong
Dear Minister Mah Bow Tan,
Playgrounds in Tampines
Tampines is an excellent residential and commercial district for the people to live. Owing to your expert leadership and wisdom, Tampines has become an attraction for both residents and shoppers. However, due to your busy schedule, you have neglected the playgrounds in Tampines.
My name is Goh Chin Yong from Pasir Ris Secondary School. The purpose of writing this letter is to provide feedback on the playgrounds in Tampines and suggestions to improve them.
Playgrounds are used by children. They can give children hours of fun and enjoyment. Playgrounds are convenient as they are found near your houses. They are a fun but efficient recreational places.
However, the playgrounds in Tampines are merely above average. The materials used are not of sufficient quality and the design is quite unattractive. The playgrounds are often situated at dark, secluded places where very few people pass. They are also dangerous as some of the edges of the playground are sharp and can cause cuts. Also, they are often disfigured with vandalism.
My group had came up with a proposal to improve the playgrounds in Tampines. The number of playgrounds can be decreased to provide larger and better playgrounds for the
Residents. My group has also came up with some designs that the children has voted for.
Some of the playgrounds will be demolished to provide space for the new playgrounds.
After serious contemplation, my group members and I agreed that this is the optimal choice. This will provide more recreational activities for the people so that they can have fun in a convenient and safe way. Thank you for taking time out of your busy schedule to read my letter.
Yours sincerely,
Goh Chin Yong
Playgrounds in Tampines
Tampines is an excellent residential and commercial district for the people to live. Owing to your expert leadership and wisdom, Tampines has become an attraction for both residents and shoppers. However, due to your busy schedule, you have neglected the playgrounds in Tampines.
My name is Goh Chin Yong from Pasir Ris Secondary School. The purpose of writing this letter is to provide feedback on the playgrounds in Tampines and suggestions to improve them.
Playgrounds are used by children. They can give children hours of fun and enjoyment. Playgrounds are convenient as they are found near your houses. They are a fun but efficient recreational places.
However, the playgrounds in Tampines are merely above average. The materials used are not of sufficient quality and the design is quite unattractive. The playgrounds are often situated at dark, secluded places where very few people pass. They are also dangerous as some of the edges of the playground are sharp and can cause cuts. Also, they are often disfigured with vandalism.
My group had came up with a proposal to improve the playgrounds in Tampines. The number of playgrounds can be decreased to provide larger and better playgrounds for the
Residents. My group has also came up with some designs that the children has voted for.
Some of the playgrounds will be demolished to provide space for the new playgrounds.
After serious contemplation, my group members and I agreed that this is the optimal choice. This will provide more recreational activities for the people so that they can have fun in a convenient and safe way. Thank you for taking time out of your busy schedule to read my letter.
Yours sincerely,
Goh Chin Yong
Monday, June 30, 2008
RYAN CHEW WENJIE FEEDBACK
23 Jalan Tenaga
Singapore 520124
Ryan Chew
1 July 2008
Feedback on Playgrounds in Tampines
Minister Mah Bow Tan
Minister of Tampines GRC
Dear Mr Mah Bow Tan,
Feedback on Playgrounds in Tampines
I am Ryan Chew Wenjie from Pasir Ris Secondary school. I am writing to feedback about Playgrounds in Tampines and to suggest on how it can be improved. My school has been doing a project about Playgrounds and how it can be improved. After some time, we found creative and interesting ways of how to improve the playgrounds in Tampines.
Currently, the playgrounds in Tampines don’t really have what a child would really want in a playground.
And most of the playgrounds have spider webs on the monkey bars, children
that notice this, would not want to climb the monkey bar therefore, the playground would not be able to be used to its fullest.
The playgrounds are a little dirty too because of litter and because of the rain. The rain also causes the playground to be wet and children would not be able to play in the playground for quite awhile, waiting for it to dry. The color of the playgrounds are a little boring too, the slides and swings are all the same color. The children would find the playground boring after awhile.
The playground could be improved in ways such as, the monkey bars and the other parts of the playground could be cleaned regularly to remove any dirt or spider webs. The rain is quite a disturbance to the children and this can be stopped by either building the playground under the block or making the playground sheltered and also build a sheltered walkway from the block to the playground. The playground could have more colors too.
These are my feedback and suggestion, thank you for taking time to read this letter.
Yours sincerely,
Ryan
Singapore 520124
Ryan Chew
1 July 2008
Feedback on Playgrounds in Tampines
Minister Mah Bow Tan
Minister of Tampines GRC
Dear Mr Mah Bow Tan,
Feedback on Playgrounds in Tampines
I am Ryan Chew Wenjie from Pasir Ris Secondary school. I am writing to feedback about Playgrounds in Tampines and to suggest on how it can be improved. My school has been doing a project about Playgrounds and how it can be improved. After some time, we found creative and interesting ways of how to improve the playgrounds in Tampines.
Currently, the playgrounds in Tampines don’t really have what a child would really want in a playground.
And most of the playgrounds have spider webs on the monkey bars, children
that notice this, would not want to climb the monkey bar therefore, the playground would not be able to be used to its fullest.
The playgrounds are a little dirty too because of litter and because of the rain. The rain also causes the playground to be wet and children would not be able to play in the playground for quite awhile, waiting for it to dry. The color of the playgrounds are a little boring too, the slides and swings are all the same color. The children would find the playground boring after awhile.
The playground could be improved in ways such as, the monkey bars and the other parts of the playground could be cleaned regularly to remove any dirt or spider webs. The rain is quite a disturbance to the children and this can be stopped by either building the playground under the block or making the playground sheltered and also build a sheltered walkway from the block to the playground. The playground could have more colors too.
These are my feedback and suggestion, thank you for taking time to read this letter.
Yours sincerely,
Ryan
F@thull@h's FeedBack...
Feedback on the Playgrounds in Tampines
Bedok South Ave 1
Singapore 469336
Mohd Fathullah
2nd July
Feedbacks on the playgrounds in Tampines
Minister Mah Bow Tan
Minister of Tampines GRC
Dear Mr Mah Bow Tan,
The playground in Tampines is very small and some of them have very dull colours and not much interactive games. Some of them do not even have swings nor see-saws.
I suggest to use bright colours so the children will be excited when they see them and would definitely want to play it. Some of the playground could be improvised by adding some challenging areas for the older kids, for example, a shaky bridge so the kids may cross over it while having fun. Having a trampoline would not be so bad, as most Singaporeans have not tried jumping on it, some of them have not even seen it in front of them, so it will be a new thing for them, something unique.
I have also seen some of the playground and they did not use most of the spaces provided, some have very large spaces between each other. When it rains, the playground will be wet , I suggest building a shelter with unique designs.
There should also be more benches, with shelter, so the parents may sit there supervising their kids. The child may also rest and then continue to play. They can also wait for their parents to pick them up.
Yours Sincerely,
M. Fathullah
Bedok South Ave 1
Singapore 469336
Mohd Fathullah
2nd July
Feedbacks on the playgrounds in Tampines
Minister Mah Bow Tan
Minister of Tampines GRC
Dear Mr Mah Bow Tan,
The playground in Tampines is very small and some of them have very dull colours and not much interactive games. Some of them do not even have swings nor see-saws.
I suggest to use bright colours so the children will be excited when they see them and would definitely want to play it. Some of the playground could be improvised by adding some challenging areas for the older kids, for example, a shaky bridge so the kids may cross over it while having fun. Having a trampoline would not be so bad, as most Singaporeans have not tried jumping on it, some of them have not even seen it in front of them, so it will be a new thing for them, something unique.
I have also seen some of the playground and they did not use most of the spaces provided, some have very large spaces between each other. When it rains, the playground will be wet , I suggest building a shelter with unique designs.
There should also be more benches, with shelter, so the parents may sit there supervising their kids. The child may also rest and then continue to play. They can also wait for their parents to pick them up.
Yours Sincerely,
M. Fathullah
Letter to Mr Mah Bow Tan
Dear Mr Mah Bow Tan,
Feedback on Playground in Tampines
I am Liew Yu Wei from Pasir Ris Secondary School. I am writing on behalf of my group consisting of Elroy Ng, Ryan Chew, Goh Chin Yong and Fathullah on how to improve on the playgrounds in Tampines.
After some time, we have created a playground that is suitable for children with non-contagious and terminal diseases. Firstly, our playground consists of bright and colorful walls so that these children can feel that there is still hope for them. Secondly, the playground is quite safe as there are lots of cushion balls on the floor. Why not just cushion? Cushion balls are quite well-liked by kids, so cushion balls are to ensure that kids could have really lots of fun. Thirdly, there is a simple maze in the playground with some obstacles which represents one must be able to overcome anything in order to succeed. Fourthly, the playground is build like a castle so as to improve on the third point(able to overcome obstacles so as to ‘conquer’ the castle). This playground should be built indoor. It shall be also the first indoor playground in Tampines.
We came up with this project as we feel that the playgrounds in the neighborhood are a bit outdated and the facilities are inefficient. Firstly, there are lots of cracks which could hurt children. Secondly, colors are dull and paints are dropping off which makes the playground to look unattractive and boring.
Once our playground is build, the colors shall attract kids, the maze shall be educational and most importantly, it gives hope to children with non-contagious and terminal disease.
We hope that you would accept these feedbacks so as to improve the playgrounds in Tampines. Thank You for reading.
Yours sincerely,
Liew Yu Wei
Feedback on Playground in Tampines
I am Liew Yu Wei from Pasir Ris Secondary School. I am writing on behalf of my group consisting of Elroy Ng, Ryan Chew, Goh Chin Yong and Fathullah on how to improve on the playgrounds in Tampines.
After some time, we have created a playground that is suitable for children with non-contagious and terminal diseases. Firstly, our playground consists of bright and colorful walls so that these children can feel that there is still hope for them. Secondly, the playground is quite safe as there are lots of cushion balls on the floor. Why not just cushion? Cushion balls are quite well-liked by kids, so cushion balls are to ensure that kids could have really lots of fun. Thirdly, there is a simple maze in the playground with some obstacles which represents one must be able to overcome anything in order to succeed. Fourthly, the playground is build like a castle so as to improve on the third point(able to overcome obstacles so as to ‘conquer’ the castle). This playground should be built indoor. It shall be also the first indoor playground in Tampines.
We came up with this project as we feel that the playgrounds in the neighborhood are a bit outdated and the facilities are inefficient. Firstly, there are lots of cracks which could hurt children. Secondly, colors are dull and paints are dropping off which makes the playground to look unattractive and boring.
Once our playground is build, the colors shall attract kids, the maze shall be educational and most importantly, it gives hope to children with non-contagious and terminal disease.
We hope that you would accept these feedbacks so as to improve the playgrounds in Tampines. Thank You for reading.
Yours sincerely,
Liew Yu Wei
Monday, May 5, 2008
Wednesday, April 30, 2008
Reflection- by Elroy the potato head boy ( Sponsored by ElroyTheMovie )
We used old cardboards and toothpicks for the model.Used paper are crushed to make balls for the playground. These balls acts as soft cushions for the children to land on safely.
The playground has a bridge into the 'castle' like the novel, the castle is very big and suitable for adventureous children. We have a maze which is like a long journey in terabithia.
The playground is protected from the danger the weak children faced. Soft balls are placed to prevent injuries.
The playground has a bridge into the 'castle' like the novel, the castle is very big and suitable for adventureous children. We have a maze which is like a long journey in terabithia.
The playground is protected from the danger the weak children faced. Soft balls are placed to prevent injuries.
Thursday, April 24, 2008
$999K
Well this are the material for our playground:
Toothpicks- Got for free/ donated by our Mr Ching Yong
Corrugated Cardboard- $3
Styrofoam board- $1
net (spiderweb)- Donated by Ryan
TOtal- $4
If it is build in real life:
walls-3K
wood- 1K
net (spiderweb)- $100
cushion balls- $200
Total- $4 300
Toothpicks- Got for free/ donated by our Mr Ching Yong
Corrugated Cardboard- $3
Styrofoam board- $1
net (spiderweb)- Donated by Ryan
TOtal- $4
If it is build in real life:
walls-3K
wood- 1K
net (spiderweb)- $100
cushion balls- $200
Total- $4 300
Reflection - Ryan
Well, groupwork has been rather challenging as the leader to get the group working.
But we managed to get our project done. It has a maze, a play ball area and a playground with a slide, hop-skotch and a see-saw.
Linked to our castle is a small building which is linked by a swing like in the novel 'Bridge to Terabithia'. Our model has 2 layers, the 1st layer is a maze which links to the 2nd level by a spider web. And the 2nd level is quite interesting too.
We didn't want to have stairs because it would be quite boring. Thats why we had a spiderweb and a rock climbing wall to link to the different places of the playground.
We used recycled materials for this project. :)
But we managed to get our project done. It has a maze, a play ball area and a playground with a slide, hop-skotch and a see-saw.
Linked to our castle is a small building which is linked by a swing like in the novel 'Bridge to Terabithia'. Our model has 2 layers, the 1st layer is a maze which links to the 2nd level by a spider web. And the 2nd level is quite interesting too.
We didn't want to have stairs because it would be quite boring. Thats why we had a spiderweb and a rock climbing wall to link to the different places of the playground.
We used recycled materials for this project. :)
Our AIM - By Liew Yu Wei
1. to make the children feel that life still can be carried on.
2.to help the children forget their sickness,
Oh by the way, we're doing about non-contagious terminal illness :)
2.to help the children forget their sickness,
Oh by the way, we're doing about non-contagious terminal illness :)
Reflection - Liew/ Yu Wei
First, the eco-friendliness of our 3D model is made out of wood like toothpick and cardboards(reused). These are used for the foundation of the model. there are also some materials like paper(reused) from the rubbish bin for the so that the base of the have lots of little crushed paper balls, these act as cushion balls.
The playground that we create is based on the book "Bridge to Terabithia". The playground is made like a castle with a bridge, like a kingdom in Terabithia. Withing the castle, there are lots of mazes and secret tunnels, these acts as the dangers faced in Terabithia . After completing the maze and face all the "dangers", the children will be standing on top of the castle.
The playground meets the children's needs by giving them feel happier as the playground is colorful.
The playground that we create is based on the book "Bridge to Terabithia". The playground is made like a castle with a bridge, like a kingdom in Terabithia. Withing the castle, there are lots of mazes and secret tunnels, these acts as the dangers faced in Terabithia . After completing the maze and face all the "dangers", the children will be standing on top of the castle.
The playground meets the children's needs by giving them feel happier as the playground is colorful.
Monday, April 21, 2008
Reflections
Name: Mohd Fathullah ( 28 )
Class: 2E5
Fill in the following and use the content/research/findings in your final group proposal for your Playground Project Blog.
Individual Reflections for Literature Mid-Year Project 2008
Sec 2 Express
Eco-friendly features about my group’s 3D-model
- The products used are recycleable, it can be reuse also
Remarks (e.g. materials to be used, relevant research with links, photograph links etc)
- Not only that we conserve the resources, we may teach the children to conserve
too.
- The materials used are painted with different colours, suiting the location,
e.g. near the sea, most of it is blue, near the forest, most of them is green
Playground designs/concepts that are linked to the novel
- There are bridges that are similar to the one which is in the novel
- The castle-like modal is is also similar to the castle in the noval
Explanation of how the designs/concepts are linked to the novel
- The bridge is used to enter Terabithia, we also made the same idea of using
the bridge as an entrance.
- The castle is similar to the one in the noval even the colour are the same.
Playground designs/concepts that meet the special needs of the children
- The inner and outer castle is very hygenic and soft so the children will not
get hurt.
Explanation of how the designs meet the special needs of the children
- The walls of the castle are made of soft products such as rubber, but in the
modal, we used cardboards as we cannot find the materials.
Class: 2E5
Fill in the following and use the content/research/findings in your final group proposal for your Playground Project Blog.
Individual Reflections for Literature Mid-Year Project 2008
Sec 2 Express
Eco-friendly features about my group’s 3D-model
- The products used are recycleable, it can be reuse also
Remarks (e.g. materials to be used, relevant research with links, photograph links etc)
- Not only that we conserve the resources, we may teach the children to conserve
too.
- The materials used are painted with different colours, suiting the location,
e.g. near the sea, most of it is blue, near the forest, most of them is green
Playground designs/concepts that are linked to the novel
- There are bridges that are similar to the one which is in the novel
- The castle-like modal is is also similar to the castle in the noval
Explanation of how the designs/concepts are linked to the novel
- The bridge is used to enter Terabithia, we also made the same idea of using
the bridge as an entrance.
- The castle is similar to the one in the noval even the colour are the same.
Playground designs/concepts that meet the special needs of the children
- The inner and outer castle is very hygenic and soft so the children will not
get hurt.
Explanation of how the designs meet the special needs of the children
- The walls of the castle are made of soft products such as rubber, but in the
modal, we used cardboards as we cannot find the materials.
Monday, March 31, 2008
Examples of an eco-friendly playground
August 29th, 2007
How do we talk about leaving the planet the way we found it? The next generation inherits what we leave behind, so as we are looking to build a better tomorrow for them, lets use responsible materials for them to play on today.
There are several manufacturers of backyard playground equipment that are leading the eco-friendly way. These manufacturers are using FSC Certified wood and 100% recycled plastics materials. Let’s take a look at a few that we found:
Kompan
The KOMPAN NATURE line is suitable for children aged 2 to 12. All KOMPAN Nature play equipment is produced from FSC certified hardwood. They claim their wood comes from forests which have been assessed to be well managed according to strict environmental, social and economic guidelines.
“Children at play want challenging equipment. Keywords are quality, safety and a long life and that applies just as much to the natural environment and the people who live there. That’s why KOMPAN has opted to process only timber from well-managed forests. The FSC certificate is the only one to provide that guarantee. We are incredibly proud that, in a period of 4 years, we have succeeded in being able to offer playground equipment made entirely from FSC certified timber.” Willem van Veenendaal
Managing Director KOMPAN BV
Pros: Great use of FSC Certified wood
Cons: They are located in the Netherlands
Play Mart, Inc.
The Play Mart team has taken the time to give you the blow-by-blow on all the materials used in their products. The plastic used in the posts, decks and structural supports of their playground equipment is made from 100% recycled structural plastic (RSP). An average Play Mart playset recycles 25,000 milk jugs (nearly 7 jugs/lb of RSP). And are you looking for a solid limited warranty? Play Mart offers a 100 year warranty, for generations to come. At GetWithGreen.com, we like this team’s eco-friendly story!!
Pros: This group wins the milk jug story of the year award, and our favorite for recycled use
Cons: We don’t have one at the moment
Children’s Playstructure’s, Inc.
Children’s Playstructure’s custom designs and makes playground equipment for commercial and residential uses. The playground equipment is made from 100% recycled high density polyethylene (HDPE) lumber, although accessory attachments to units are not recycled materials.
Pros: The web is filled with claims like the above about the eco-friendliness of their products
Cons: They don’t tell the story on their own website!
Grounds for Play, Inc.
While their equipment might be found more often at your local park, there are some fitting pieces for the backyard. While the recycled content is not as high as that of Play Mart, they are using Trex. Trex is a composite material of recycled post-consumer plastic and recycled post-production or recovered wood fibers.
Pros: Use of recycled Plastic
Cons: Use of other materials that are not sustainable
Pacific Outdoor Products
This manufacturer of residential and commercial playground structures offers recycled plastics in their products. One thing that grabbed our attention was their use of a non-toxic ACQ preservatives, but they do claim that wood has no environmental concerns when disposed of.
Pros: Use recycled Plastic
Cons: Possible impact of pressure treated woodWe will be adding, and refining this list as the manufacturers contact us. For now, feel good that you have sources of playground equipment equipment that are a bit greener. Also you now know your old milk jugs are being repurposed and put to good use!
This picture shows a playground with a bridge, similar to the novel 'Bridge to Terabithia
This picture shows a web which can gve the children freedom similar to Terabithia
This octopus playground has alot of secret passageways which makes it more exciting for children
This is a playground made of wood similar to the 'castle' in Terabithia
This is exciting for the children can develops their balancing skills
(types of non-contagious diseases)>>By Ryan
Genetic diseases, chromosomes diseases,cancers, leukemias, lymphomas and of course many more!
Genetic diseases>>error in sequences called "genes" or sometimes in the much larger groups of genes called chromosomes.
Chromosome diseases are genetic diseases where a large part of the genetic code has been disrupted. Chromosomes are long sequences of DNA that contain hundreds or thousands of genes. Every person has 2 copies of each of the 23 chromosomes, called chromosomes 1..22 (or "autosomes") and the 23rd is the sex chromosome, which is either X and Y. Men are XY and women are XX in the 23rd chromosome pair.
The most common type of chromosomal condition is a trisomy condition involving a triplet of chromosomes. Trisomy conditions are chromosome conditions where the disease results from an extra chromosome. Normal humans have two copies of the non-sex chromosomes 1..22, and disease arises if a fetus wrongly gets a third copy of any of these chromosomes.
for more info>>http://www.wrongdiagnosis.com/n/non_contagious_diseases/subtypes.htm
Chickenpox is one of the most easily transmitted childhood diseases; it is second only to measles. It is caused by the varicella-zoster virus, which may reactivate to cause shingles in individuals who have already had chickenpox. After exposure to the virus, a 7-21 day period of incubation occurs before any symptoms appear. Chickenpox begins with a low fever and general feeling of tiredness. Soon a rash develops on the abdomen and chest, which may or may not spread to the extremities, but usually affects the scalp. The rash appears in successive stages; as a result, some of the bumps are mature while others are just appearing. The rash progresses from the initial red bumps through a vesicle stage, in which they are filled with liquid, to a mature, crusty stage. Itching is intense, but scratching can cause localized infection of the broken vesicles and may require antibiotics. Within a week after the appearance of the rash, the patient is no longer infectious.
There is no treatment for chickenpox, but the Food and Drug Administration approved a varicella-zoster vaccine in March 1995. The live-virus vaccine, developed from a strain of the virus isolated in Japan in 1981, is recommended for children between the ages of 12-18 months. A person also develops immunity to the virus if he has experienced an outbreak of chickenpox. The outbreak is usually harmless to children and passes within a week without any noticeable permanent effect. In adults the disease is much more serious; it can cause damage to the eyes and, in males, the testes. An adult with chickenpox also requires a longer period of recuperation than does a child. Pregnant women who contract chickenpox may pass the infection on to their unborn child, with serious consequences. Varicella-zoster immunoglobulin may be given to such pregnant women, in an effort to decrease the complications to the fetus. Children who have weakened immune systems (due to chemotherapy treatments for cancer, for example) may have severe, life-threatening complications from chickenpox. Anti-viral medications (such as acyclovir) may be given in an attempt to decrease the severity and shorten the duration of the illness.
Even when the infection has disappeared, however, the virus remains in the person's body and can cause shingles later in life. The chickenpox virus lies dormant in some nerve cells and can become active in an individual after the age of 50 years. In this case, the nerve root becomes inflamed, and the area of the body served by that nerve is affected. Again an eruption occurs, but in this case it is very painful. A rash may appear on the abdomen or any area of the arms or legs. The outbreak lasts for five to six days, unless the patient has an underlying cancer, in which case the rash may persist for two weeks or longer.
It is not possible to predict who will have shingles after they have had chickenpox as a child. There is no treatment for shingles, but usually an individual will have it only once and then be immune to any further outbreaks. If the virus infects certain facial nerves, care must be taken to prevent damage to the eyes. Unlike chickenpox, shingles is not contagious. The virus is confined to the nerve fiber and is not released into the air.
Measles
Measles generally refers to nine-day measles, also called rubeola, a highly contagious disease spread by a virus. A person who has the measles virus can pass it to others before he shows signs of the disease. Once exposed to the virus, it will be 7-18 days before the typical measles rash develops. The patient is infectious, however, for the two to four days immediately before the rash appears; thus he spreads the disease unknowingly. Present in mucus and saliva droplets from the nose and mouth, the virus is spread by coughing or sneezing.
The initial symptoms of measles include headaches, a low fever, tiredness, and itchy eyes. Spots appearing on the roof of the mouth look like white grains of sand surrounded by an inflamed area. These are called Koplik's spots. A sore throat may also develop. The rash appears three to five days later: a bright red outbreak usually begins on the side of the head in front of the ears and spreads over the body within the next day or two. The temperature may climb to 104°F (40°C). Inflammation of the eyes may cause painful sensitivity to light.
The disease is short lived; the rash fades within three to five days and the body temperature returns to normal. The disease, while active, renders the patient much more susceptible to bacterial infections and may worsen diseases such as tuberculosis, if present. Pneumonia and ear infections are common complications of measles, especially in infants and very young children. Also, the virus can penetrate the central nervous system and cause encephalitis (inflammation of the brain tissue), which can lead to convulsions, coma, and even death. A person with measles should have bed rest during the active stage of the disease and be protected from exposure to any bacterial infections.
Fortunately, a vaccine has been developed against measles. The vaccine is a suspension of a live, attenuated (weakened) virus which is given to children at the age of approximately 15 months. The vaccine causes the formation of antibodies against the measles virus that will protect the child from future infections.
Another form of measles, known as three-day measles, German measles, or rubella, is also caused by a virus. Contagion is high because the infected person can transmit the virus to others for a week before showing any symptoms, and remains infectious for up to a week after the measles rash disappears.
Rubella is less infectious than the nine-day measles, and some infections may be so mild that the patient's case of rubella goes undetected. After exposure to the virus, an incubation period of 14-21 days passes before any symptoms appear. Usually the symptoms afflict only young children; teenagers and adults will not develop the typical rash.
The rubella rash is similar to that of nine-day measles but is less extensive; it appears on the face and neck and may spread to other areas. The rash lasts about three days before fading. No other symptoms, such as a sore throat, accompany the rash.
The most serious complication of three-day measles is its effect on a woman in the early stages of pregnancy. The virus can cause loss of the fetus or stillbirth, or it may result in congenital (birth) defects. These birth defects can include heart defects, eye defects (including glaucoma and cataracts), deafness, bleeding problems, mental retardation, and an increased risk of diabetes mellitus, thyroid problems, and future encephalitis (brain inflammation). A woman in the first three months of pregnancy should be protected from exposure to individuals who have measles. This form of measles can also be prevented by vaccination.
Mumps
Mumps, also called epidemic parotitis, is a viral infection of the salivary glands, especially the parotid glands. The mumps virus is spread in droplets of saliva sprayed during sneezing or coughing, and can be passed along on any object that has the infected saliva on it. The virus is present in the saliva of the infected person for up to six days before symptoms appear. Late winter and early spring are the peak periods of mumps epidemics, and children aged 5-15 years are most commonly infected. The disease is not as infectious as chickenpox or measles, and it is rare in children under two years of age.
The first symptom of mumps is pain during chewing or swallowing. The pain is worsened by acidic foods such as vinegar or lemon juice. The parotid gland, located in the area at the angle of the jaw, becomes sensitive to pressure. Body temperature increases to 103–104°F (40°C) once the inflammation of the parotid gland begins. The infected parotid gland becomes inflamed and swollen; the swelling may extend beyond the gland to the ear and the lower area of the jaw. The swelling reaches its maximum within two days and then recedes.
The mumps virus can also penetrate the central nervous system and cause abnormally high numbers of cells to accumulate in the spinal fluid. Usually this form of encephalitis has no residual effects, although rarely some facial paralysis or deafness due to auditory nerve damage may result. Mumps afflicting an adult male can cause atrophy of the testes and, in some cases, subsequent sterility. Patients should remain in bed until the fever accompanying the disease has subsided.
There is no treatment for mumps. Usually it is benign and will leave no residual effects other than a natural immunity against catching it again. During the illness, patients may take aspirin to ease the pain in the jaw and lower the fever. Eating soft food also helps to ease jaw pain. Anyone who has been in contact with a mumps patient should be watched closely for up to four weeks to see whether he or she will also develop the disease. A live-virus mumps vaccine is available for administration to children who are 15 months of age.
Sickle cell anemia
Sickle cell anemia is named for the shape assumed by some of the red blood cells in persons who have this disease. It primarily affects people of African descent, but it can also be present in people of Mediterranean descent, such as Arabs and Greeks.
Some people carry the gene for sickle cell anemia without having any active symptoms. For those in whom the disease is active, however, a "sickle cell crisis" can be a painful and debilitating experience.
When the red blood cell undergoes changes that alter its shape from a disk to a sickle, the cells can no longer pass easily through the tiniest blood vessels, the capillaries. The sickle cells stick in these vessels and prevent the passage of normal cells; as a result, the organ or muscle dependent on blood flow through the affected capillaries is no longer getting oxygen. This causes a very painful crisis that may require the hospitalization of the patient.
No treatment exists for sickle cell anemia, so the person who has the active disease must avoid infections and maintain a healthy lifestyle. Any activity that is strenuous enough to cause shortness of breath can also bring on a crisis.
Tay-Sachs disease
Tay-Sachs disease is an inherited, invariably fatal condition in which a missing enzyme allows certain toxic substances to accumulate in the brain. Under ordinary circumstances the enzyme, hexosaminidase A, breaks down these toxins, but without its presence the toxins accumulate.
The condition causes the development of red spots in the eye, retarded development, blindness, and paralysis. The child usually dies by the age of three or four. Tay-Sachs disease primarily affects Jews from eastern Europe.
Parents who carry the gene for Tay-Sachs can be counseled about having children. Statistically for parents who are both carriers of the gene, one in four children will have the active disease, two of the four will be unaffected carriers of the gene, and one of four will have neither the gene nor the disease.
Genetic diseases>>error in sequences called "genes" or sometimes in the much larger groups of genes called chromosomes.
Chromosome diseases are genetic diseases where a large part of the genetic code has been disrupted. Chromosomes are long sequences of DNA that contain hundreds or thousands of genes. Every person has 2 copies of each of the 23 chromosomes, called chromosomes 1..22 (or "autosomes") and the 23rd is the sex chromosome, which is either X and Y. Men are XY and women are XX in the 23rd chromosome pair.
The most common type of chromosomal condition is a trisomy condition involving a triplet of chromosomes. Trisomy conditions are chromosome conditions where the disease results from an extra chromosome. Normal humans have two copies of the non-sex chromosomes 1..22, and disease arises if a fetus wrongly gets a third copy of any of these chromosomes.
for more info>>http://www.wrongdiagnosis.com/n/non_contagious_diseases/subtypes.htm
Chickenpox is one of the most easily transmitted childhood diseases; it is second only to measles. It is caused by the varicella-zoster virus, which may reactivate to cause shingles in individuals who have already had chickenpox. After exposure to the virus, a 7-21 day period of incubation occurs before any symptoms appear. Chickenpox begins with a low fever and general feeling of tiredness. Soon a rash develops on the abdomen and chest, which may or may not spread to the extremities, but usually affects the scalp. The rash appears in successive stages; as a result, some of the bumps are mature while others are just appearing. The rash progresses from the initial red bumps through a vesicle stage, in which they are filled with liquid, to a mature, crusty stage. Itching is intense, but scratching can cause localized infection of the broken vesicles and may require antibiotics. Within a week after the appearance of the rash, the patient is no longer infectious.
There is no treatment for chickenpox, but the Food and Drug Administration approved a varicella-zoster vaccine in March 1995. The live-virus vaccine, developed from a strain of the virus isolated in Japan in 1981, is recommended for children between the ages of 12-18 months. A person also develops immunity to the virus if he has experienced an outbreak of chickenpox. The outbreak is usually harmless to children and passes within a week without any noticeable permanent effect. In adults the disease is much more serious; it can cause damage to the eyes and, in males, the testes. An adult with chickenpox also requires a longer period of recuperation than does a child. Pregnant women who contract chickenpox may pass the infection on to their unborn child, with serious consequences. Varicella-zoster immunoglobulin may be given to such pregnant women, in an effort to decrease the complications to the fetus. Children who have weakened immune systems (due to chemotherapy treatments for cancer, for example) may have severe, life-threatening complications from chickenpox. Anti-viral medications (such as acyclovir) may be given in an attempt to decrease the severity and shorten the duration of the illness.
Even when the infection has disappeared, however, the virus remains in the person's body and can cause shingles later in life. The chickenpox virus lies dormant in some nerve cells and can become active in an individual after the age of 50 years. In this case, the nerve root becomes inflamed, and the area of the body served by that nerve is affected. Again an eruption occurs, but in this case it is very painful. A rash may appear on the abdomen or any area of the arms or legs. The outbreak lasts for five to six days, unless the patient has an underlying cancer, in which case the rash may persist for two weeks or longer.
It is not possible to predict who will have shingles after they have had chickenpox as a child. There is no treatment for shingles, but usually an individual will have it only once and then be immune to any further outbreaks. If the virus infects certain facial nerves, care must be taken to prevent damage to the eyes. Unlike chickenpox, shingles is not contagious. The virus is confined to the nerve fiber and is not released into the air.
Measles
Measles generally refers to nine-day measles, also called rubeola, a highly contagious disease spread by a virus. A person who has the measles virus can pass it to others before he shows signs of the disease. Once exposed to the virus, it will be 7-18 days before the typical measles rash develops. The patient is infectious, however, for the two to four days immediately before the rash appears; thus he spreads the disease unknowingly. Present in mucus and saliva droplets from the nose and mouth, the virus is spread by coughing or sneezing.
The initial symptoms of measles include headaches, a low fever, tiredness, and itchy eyes. Spots appearing on the roof of the mouth look like white grains of sand surrounded by an inflamed area. These are called Koplik's spots. A sore throat may also develop. The rash appears three to five days later: a bright red outbreak usually begins on the side of the head in front of the ears and spreads over the body within the next day or two. The temperature may climb to 104°F (40°C). Inflammation of the eyes may cause painful sensitivity to light.
The disease is short lived; the rash fades within three to five days and the body temperature returns to normal. The disease, while active, renders the patient much more susceptible to bacterial infections and may worsen diseases such as tuberculosis, if present. Pneumonia and ear infections are common complications of measles, especially in infants and very young children. Also, the virus can penetrate the central nervous system and cause encephalitis (inflammation of the brain tissue), which can lead to convulsions, coma, and even death. A person with measles should have bed rest during the active stage of the disease and be protected from exposure to any bacterial infections.
Fortunately, a vaccine has been developed against measles. The vaccine is a suspension of a live, attenuated (weakened) virus which is given to children at the age of approximately 15 months. The vaccine causes the formation of antibodies against the measles virus that will protect the child from future infections.
Another form of measles, known as three-day measles, German measles, or rubella, is also caused by a virus. Contagion is high because the infected person can transmit the virus to others for a week before showing any symptoms, and remains infectious for up to a week after the measles rash disappears.
Rubella is less infectious than the nine-day measles, and some infections may be so mild that the patient's case of rubella goes undetected. After exposure to the virus, an incubation period of 14-21 days passes before any symptoms appear. Usually the symptoms afflict only young children; teenagers and adults will not develop the typical rash.
The rubella rash is similar to that of nine-day measles but is less extensive; it appears on the face and neck and may spread to other areas. The rash lasts about three days before fading. No other symptoms, such as a sore throat, accompany the rash.
The most serious complication of three-day measles is its effect on a woman in the early stages of pregnancy. The virus can cause loss of the fetus or stillbirth, or it may result in congenital (birth) defects. These birth defects can include heart defects, eye defects (including glaucoma and cataracts), deafness, bleeding problems, mental retardation, and an increased risk of diabetes mellitus, thyroid problems, and future encephalitis (brain inflammation). A woman in the first three months of pregnancy should be protected from exposure to individuals who have measles. This form of measles can also be prevented by vaccination.
Mumps
Mumps, also called epidemic parotitis, is a viral infection of the salivary glands, especially the parotid glands. The mumps virus is spread in droplets of saliva sprayed during sneezing or coughing, and can be passed along on any object that has the infected saliva on it. The virus is present in the saliva of the infected person for up to six days before symptoms appear. Late winter and early spring are the peak periods of mumps epidemics, and children aged 5-15 years are most commonly infected. The disease is not as infectious as chickenpox or measles, and it is rare in children under two years of age.
The first symptom of mumps is pain during chewing or swallowing. The pain is worsened by acidic foods such as vinegar or lemon juice. The parotid gland, located in the area at the angle of the jaw, becomes sensitive to pressure. Body temperature increases to 103–104°F (40°C) once the inflammation of the parotid gland begins. The infected parotid gland becomes inflamed and swollen; the swelling may extend beyond the gland to the ear and the lower area of the jaw. The swelling reaches its maximum within two days and then recedes.
The mumps virus can also penetrate the central nervous system and cause abnormally high numbers of cells to accumulate in the spinal fluid. Usually this form of encephalitis has no residual effects, although rarely some facial paralysis or deafness due to auditory nerve damage may result. Mumps afflicting an adult male can cause atrophy of the testes and, in some cases, subsequent sterility. Patients should remain in bed until the fever accompanying the disease has subsided.
There is no treatment for mumps. Usually it is benign and will leave no residual effects other than a natural immunity against catching it again. During the illness, patients may take aspirin to ease the pain in the jaw and lower the fever. Eating soft food also helps to ease jaw pain. Anyone who has been in contact with a mumps patient should be watched closely for up to four weeks to see whether he or she will also develop the disease. A live-virus mumps vaccine is available for administration to children who are 15 months of age.
Sickle cell anemia
Sickle cell anemia is named for the shape assumed by some of the red blood cells in persons who have this disease. It primarily affects people of African descent, but it can also be present in people of Mediterranean descent, such as Arabs and Greeks.
Some people carry the gene for sickle cell anemia without having any active symptoms. For those in whom the disease is active, however, a "sickle cell crisis" can be a painful and debilitating experience.
When the red blood cell undergoes changes that alter its shape from a disk to a sickle, the cells can no longer pass easily through the tiniest blood vessels, the capillaries. The sickle cells stick in these vessels and prevent the passage of normal cells; as a result, the organ or muscle dependent on blood flow through the affected capillaries is no longer getting oxygen. This causes a very painful crisis that may require the hospitalization of the patient.
No treatment exists for sickle cell anemia, so the person who has the active disease must avoid infections and maintain a healthy lifestyle. Any activity that is strenuous enough to cause shortness of breath can also bring on a crisis.
Tay-Sachs disease
Tay-Sachs disease is an inherited, invariably fatal condition in which a missing enzyme allows certain toxic substances to accumulate in the brain. Under ordinary circumstances the enzyme, hexosaminidase A, breaks down these toxins, but without its presence the toxins accumulate.
The condition causes the development of red spots in the eye, retarded development, blindness, and paralysis. The child usually dies by the age of three or four. Tay-Sachs disease primarily affects Jews from eastern Europe.
Parents who carry the gene for Tay-Sachs can be counseled about having children. Statistically for parents who are both carriers of the gene, one in four children will have the active disease, two of the four will be unaffected carriers of the gene, and one of four will have neither the gene nor the disease.
What is Non-Contagious disease? How is it caused? Etc.
Contagious disease- A disease that is capable of spreading by coming in contact.
Non Contagious disease- A disease that cannot be spread by coming in contact.
MORE INFO:
Contagious diseases
The etiologic agents of contagious diseases can be passed from one person to another in any number of ways. They are present in droplets of saliva and mucus sprayed by sneezing and coughing. They can be conveyed by passing an object from the infected person to someone else. With the close proximity of children in classrooms, the agent can be passed quickly through the class.
Non-contagious childhood diseases
Noncontagious childhood diseases are acquired by heredity—that is, passed from parents to offspring. In fact, neither of the parents may have any physical signs of the disease, but if they are carriers—people who have the recessive gene for the disease—they can pass it on to their children.
Some of these conditions are serious or even fatal; there is no cure for the person who has the disease. Some effective preventive measures can be taken to keep the disease in an inactive state, but even these measures are sometimes not effective.
TREATMENT:
1)Oats Rolled - 22 oz. - Organic, Non-GE, Ships Groun...
Rolled Oats are a favorite whole food that can be used in many recipes to add nutritional value. Rolled Oats can be easily added to muffin mixes, panc...
Non Contagious disease- A disease that cannot be spread by coming in contact.
MORE INFO:
Contagious diseases
The etiologic agents of contagious diseases can be passed from one person to another in any number of ways. They are present in droplets of saliva and mucus sprayed by sneezing and coughing. They can be conveyed by passing an object from the infected person to someone else. With the close proximity of children in classrooms, the agent can be passed quickly through the class.
Non-contagious childhood diseases
Noncontagious childhood diseases are acquired by heredity—that is, passed from parents to offspring. In fact, neither of the parents may have any physical signs of the disease, but if they are carriers—people who have the recessive gene for the disease—they can pass it on to their children.
Some of these conditions are serious or even fatal; there is no cure for the person who has the disease. Some effective preventive measures can be taken to keep the disease in an inactive state, but even these measures are sometimes not effective.
TREATMENT:
1)Oats Rolled - 22 oz. - Organic, Non-GE, Ships Groun...
Rolled Oats are a favorite whole food that can be used in many recipes to add nutritional value. Rolled Oats can be easily added to muffin mixes, panc...
Monday, March 24, 2008
pic.
The spirals incresed the excitement of the children as it is in the air and very scary for them
The tube goes round and round, making it fun
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